1532. 最近的三笔订单（难度：中等）

题目描述

（通过次数5,860 | 提交次数9,333，通过率62.79%）

表：Customers
+---------------+---------+
| Column Name   | Type    |
+---------------+---------+
| customer_id   | int     |
| name          | varchar |
+---------------+---------+
customer_id 是该表主键
该表包含消费者的信息

表：Orders
+---------------+---------+
| Column Name   | Type    |
+---------------+---------+
| order_id      | int     |
| order_date    | date    |
| customer_id   | int     |
| cost          | int     |
+---------------+---------+
order_id 是该表主键
该表包含id为customer_id的消费者的订单信息
每一个消费者 每天一笔订单

写一个 SQL 语句，找到每个用户的最近三笔订单。如果用户的订单少于 3 笔，则返回他的全部订单。
返回的结果按照 customer_name升序排列。如果排名有相同，则继续按照 customer_id 升序排列。如果排名还有相同，则继续按照 order_date 降序排列。

查询结果格式如下例所示：
Customers
+-------------+-----------+
| customer_id | name      |
+-------------+-----------+
| 1           | Winston   |
| 2           | Jonathan  |
| 3           | Annabelle |
| 4           | Marwan    |
| 5           | Khaled    |
+-------------+-----------+

Orders
+----------+------------+-------------+------+
| order_id | order_date | customer_id | cost |
+----------+------------+-------------+------+
| 1        | 2020-07-31 | 1           | 30   |
| 2        | 2020-07-30 | 2           | 40   |
| 3        | 2020-07-31 | 3           | 70   |
| 4        | 2020-07-29 | 4           | 100  |
| 5        | 2020-06-10 | 1           | 1010 |
| 6        | 2020-08-01 | 2           | 102  |
| 7        | 2020-08-01 | 3           | 111  |
| 8        | 2020-08-03 | 1           | 99   |
| 9        | 2020-08-07 | 2           | 32   |
| 10       | 2020-07-15 | 1           | 2    |
+----------+------------+-------------+------+

Result table：
+---------------+-------------+----------+------------+
| customer_name | customer_id | order_id | order_date |
+---------------+-------------+----------+------------+
| Annabelle     | 3           | 7        | 2020-08-01 |
| Annabelle     | 3           | 3        | 2020-07-31 |
| Jonathan      | 2           | 9        | 2020-08-07 |
| Jonathan      | 2           | 6        | 2020-08-01 |
| Jonathan      | 2           | 2        | 2020-07-30 |
| Marwan        | 4           | 4        | 2020-07-29 |
| Winston       | 1           | 8        | 2020-08-03 |
| Winston       | 1           | 1        | 2020-07-31 |
| Winston       | 1           | 10       | 2020-07-15 |
+---------------+-------------+----------+------------+
Winston 有 4 笔订单, 排除了 "2020-06-10" 的订单, 因为它是最老的订单。
Annabelle 只有 2 笔订单, 全部返回。
Jonathan 恰好有 3 笔订单。
Marwan 只有 1 笔订单。
结果表我们按照 customer_name 升序排列，customer_id 升序排列，order_date 降序排列。

进阶：
你能写出来最近n笔订单的通用解决方案吗

来源：力扣（LeetCode）
链接：https://leetcode.cn/problems/the-most-recent-three-orders

//测试数据
Create table If Not Exists Customers (customer_id int, name varchar(10));
Create table If Not Exists Orders (order_id int, order_date date, customer_id int, cost int);

insert into Customers (customer_id, name) values ('1', 'Winston');
insert into Customers (customer_id, name) values ('2', 'Jonathan');
insert into Customers (customer_id, name) values ('3', 'Annabelle');
insert into Customers (customer_id, name) values ('4', 'Marwan');
insert into Customers (customer_id, name) values ('5', 'Khaled');

insert into Orders (order_id, order_date, customer_id, cost) values ('1', '2020-07-31', '1', '30');
insert into Orders (order_id, order_date, customer_id, cost) values ('2', '2020-7-30', '2', '40');
insert into Orders (order_id, order_date, customer_id, cost) values ('3', '2020-07-31', '3', '70');
insert into Orders (order_id, order_date, customer_id, cost) values ('4', '2020-07-29', '4', '100');
insert into Orders (order_id, order_date, customer_id, cost) values ('5', '2020-06-10', '1', '1010');
insert into Orders (order_id, order_date, customer_id, cost) values ('6', '2020-08-01', '2', '102');
insert into Orders (order_id, order_date, customer_id, cost) values ('7', '2020-08-01', '3', '111');
insert into Orders (order_id, order_date, customer_id, cost) values ('8', '2020-08-03', '1', '99');
insert into Orders (order_id, order_date, customer_id, cost) values ('9', '2020-08-07', '2', '32');
insert into Orders (order_id, order_date, customer_id, cost) values ('10', '2020-07-15', '1', '2');

解题思路

虽然被标记为一道中等题目，但实际上，这只能算一道窗口函数的基本应用题。

题目要求，取出每个客户按时间排序最近的前3笔订单。

那么，很明显，我们需要根据客户来开窗；然后计算出每个客户每一笔交易的序号。

接着，根据序号，取出每个客户的前3笔订单。

最后，再跟客户信息表关联，取出客户姓名即可。

当然，题目要求，查询出的结果遵守一定的排序规则。这并不难，按照要求做一次排序，然后返回，就完成了。

参考SQL

未特别说明的情况下，参考SQL为基于MySQL8.0实现。

select 
    c.name customer_name,
    b.customer_id,
    b.order_id,
    b.order_date
from
(
    select
        a.customer_id,
        a.order_id,
        a.order_date,
        row_number() over(partition by a.customer_id order by a.order_date desc) rn
    from Orders a
)b
inner join Customers c
on b.customer_id = c.customer_id
where b.rn <= 3
order by 
    c.name,
    b.customer_id,
    b.order_date desc;