题目描述
(通过次数4,042 | 提交次数5,478,通过率73.79%)
表: Customers +---------------+---------+ | Column Name | Type | +---------------+---------+ | customer_id | int | | customer_name | varchar | +---------------+---------+ customer_id 是该表主键. 该表第一行包含了顾客的名字和id. 写一个 SQL 语句,找到所有遗失的顾客id.遗失的顾客id是指那些不在Customers表中,值却处于1和表中最大customer_id之间的id. 注意:最大的customer_id值不会超过100. 返回结果按ids 升序排列 查询结果格式如下例所示。 示例 1: 输入: Customers 表: +-------------+---------------+ | customer_id | customer_name | +-------------+---------------+ | 1 | Alice | | 4 | Bob | | 5 | Charlie | +-------------+---------------+ 输出: +-----+ | ids | +-----+ | 2 | | 3 | +-----+ 解释: 表中最大的customer_id是5, 所以在范围[1,5]内, ID2和3从表中遗失. 来源:力扣(LeetCode) 链接:https://leetcode.cn/problems/find-the-missing-ids
//测试数据 Create table If Not Exists Customers (customer_id int, customer_name varchar(20)); insert into Customers (customer_id, customer_name) values ('1', 'Alice'); insert into Customers (customer_id, customer_name) values ('4', 'Bob'); insert into Customers (customer_id, customer_name) values ('5', 'Charlie');
解题思路
题目本身很容易理解,需求也不难:找到1至最大customer_id之间的缺失值。
根据分步法,解答这个题目,可能需要如下两个步骤:
**第一步**:构建出一个1到最大customer_id之间的所有值的集合;
**第二步**:从集合中,剔除Customers表中已存在的customer_id;
第二步比较简单。难点在第一步:构建一个customer_id的全集。
SQL语言比较擅长处理集合中存在的元素。比如过滤、分组、统计、关联等。
但对处理集合中本身不存在的元素并不擅长。
为此,我专门翻了一遍《SQL必知必会(第4版)》(关注公众号xuesql,回复关键字“SQL必知必会”,获取电子版免费下载链接),发现里面并未提及对不存在元素如何生成。
而我们在MySQL、Oracle等数据库中常用的方法,都是这些数据库本身的方言。所以语法上会有些差别,甚至有些写法,还是某些数据库独有的。
下面主要针对MySQL和Oracle这两个数据库,介绍一下在构建一个集合时的写法:
**MySQL数据库**:主要使用递归实现
#方法一 with recursive tmp as ( select 1 as customer_id union all select customer_id+1 from tmp where customer_id < (select max(customer_id) from Customers) ) select * from tmp; #方法二 with recursive tmp(n) as ( select 1 as customer_id union all select n+1 from tmp where n<(select max(customer_id) from Customers) ) select * from tmp;
**Oracle数据库**:主要使用递归和connect by关键字实现
#方法一 with tmp(customer_id) as ( select 1 as customer_id from dual union all select customer_id + 1 from tmp where customer_id < (select max(customer_id) from customers) ) select * from tmp; #方法二 select rownum as customer_id from dual connect by rownum <= (select max(customer_id) from customers);
参考SQL
未特别说明的情况下,参考SQL为基于MySQL8.0实现。
with recursive tmp as ( select 1 as customer_id union all select customer_id+1 from tmp where customer_id < (select max(customer_id) from Customers) ) select customer_id as ids from tmp where customer_id not in (select customer_id from Customers);
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